Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock, particularly cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and other cloven-hoofed animals. Here’s a rundown of key aspects to help you understand, detect, and respond to FMD:

What is Foot-and-Mouth Disease?

Foot-and-mouth disease is caused by the Aphthovirus, which spreads rapidly among animals through saliva, mucus, urine and other bodily fluids. The virus can also travel on contaminated equipment, clothing, and even in the air, especially in temperate conditions.

Symptoms and Effects on Cattle and Sheep SBS Plan photo

Cattle: Symptoms typically include high fever, drooling, and blister-like sores on the mouth, tongue and hooves, which can make walking and feeding painful. This can lead to lameness and a decrease in milk production.

Sheep: Signs are often subtler in sheep and may include mild fever, lameness and blisters, which may go unnoticed. However, sheep can still spread the virus to other animals.

Because symptoms in sheep are mild, they can become “silent spreaders,” increasing the risk to other livestock without obvious signs of infection.

Detection

  • Visual Observation: Regularly check animals for signs of drooling, lameness, and blistering on the mouth and hooves.
  • Behavioral Changes: Reduced feeding, reluctance to move, and lowered milk production can also be early indicators.
  • Testing: If you notice potential symptoms, contact a veterinarian or local animal health authority immediately for confirmatory tests. Rapid diagnosis is crucial as FMD spreads quickly.

What to Do if You Detect Foot-and-Mouth Disease

  • Isolation: Immediately isolate any animals showing symptoms to prevent further spread.
    Notify Authorities: Report any suspected cases to your country’s animal health authorities. In many places, foot-and-mouth disease is a reportable disease due to its high contagion risk and economic impact.
  • Biosecurity: Enhance on-farm biosecurity. Limit movement of people, animals and equipment. Disinfect equipment and facilities thoroughly.
  • Movement Restrictions: Authorities will typically enforce movement controls, quarantine or even herd culling if an outbreak is confirmed.
  • Vaccination: Some regions implement vaccination during outbreaks. Consult with animal health authorities to understand the vaccination requirements and availability in your area.

Preventive Tips

  • Implement strong biosecurity practices to reduce the risk of disease entry.
  • Keep a close eye on livestock for any unusual symptoms.
  • Ensure regular communication with a veterinarian and be informed on local disease outbreaks.

Acting quickly and following protocols can help minimize foot-and-mouth disease spread and protect your herd's health and productivity.